The Conceptual Framework of the Health Promotion Model

Conceptual frame work The theoretical frame work for the present study was developed from the Health Promotion Model. The health promotion model was proposed by Nola J Pender – PhD, RN, FAAN – a well known former professor of nursing at the University of Michigan (1982, revised in 1996). This model was designed as a complementary counterpart to the models of health protection. The model defines health as a positive dynamic state of health and not merely the absence of disease. Health promotion is directed towards increasing a client’s level of well being. The model described the various multi-dimensional nature of person as they are consistently interacting within their environment to pursue optimal levels of health.29 Nola J Pender defined her concepts into two broad classification, health promotion and health protection. Health promotion is the behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and to actualize potentiality of human health. It is an approach to wellness of health. Nola J Pender described health protection or illness prevention as behavior motivated desire to actively avoid illness, to detect it at an early stage and to maintain functioning within the constraints of illness.30 The models identifies that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that can bring about subsequent actions. The set of variables for behavioral specific knowledge and effect have important motivational significance. These variables can be modified throughShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Model Of Nursing1353 Words   |  6 Pages Health Promotion Model Amy D. Kramer Point Loma Nazarene University â€Æ' Introduction Nursing theory is important to the profession of nursing as it provides guidance to practice and helps to broaden nursing knowledge. 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Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) focuses on increasing a person’s level of well-being and identifies the multifaceted nature of individuals as they interact with their environment to pursue health (Health Promotion Model, 2013)Read MoreConceptual Framework For Addressing Functional Decline1531 Words   |  7 PagesConceptual framework for addressing functional decline in elderly Health is probably the most significant aspect of human life as it allows individuals to properly experience the nature of one’s existence and surroundings. World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of physical and psychosocial wellness and not simply the absence of diseases or illnesses (Callahan, 1973). 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The updated data source for comparison of selected countries, as reflected in the Exhibit 5.1 of the text, is shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1. Updated Data Source for OECD Selected Countries Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2014Read MoreCommunity Conceptual Model1282 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Conceptual Model Community Conceptual Model Conceptual models are effective guides and tools used for nursing practice. They merge concepts and ideas providing a framework for how to think or demonstrate the elaborate connections between concepts, structures, or a system. They categorize existing interrelationships amid concepts into ways that can effectively direct actions and interventions. The objective of this paper is to define and examine the social ecology model and itsRead MoreThe Grand Nursing Theory Chosen By The Future Apn Is Roy s Model Of Adaptation943 Words   |  4 PagesThe grand nursing theory chosen by the future APN is Roy’s Model of Adaptation. In 1970, Sister Callista Roy identified the need for conceptual frameworks to be developed in order to have a foundation from which to build nursing knowledge. She developed the Model of Adaptation based on her theory that all patients must adapt to his/her given situations; we as nurses must guide and encourage positive adaptation for our patients (Roy, 1970). Roy’s grand theory addressed all four of Fawcett’s conceptsRead MoreEvaluation Of Evidence And Literature1508 Words   |  7 PagesReview of Evidence and Literature The initial database searched was the Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature or CINAHL with full text. 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The Perception of Beauty Free Essays

The Perception of Beauty Today the world we live in is very reliant on the media. The media contributes to us updates on our economy, news on events, the weather, and other important information. The media also dispenses influential images and messages. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perception of Beauty or any similar topic only for you Order Now The media is so intertwined in our lives that we do no truly comprehend how much influence it really has on us. Some of the messages and images we receive from the media can be positive as well as negative. Most often than not, we are exposed to images that are so unrealistic and unattainable by the average person that we become discontent with our lives and with ourselves. This is when the media starts to distort our thoughts on the normal way of life and what true beauty is. The mainstream media’s perception of beauty is thin and glamorous. Most of the people displayed in the media have unrealistic body types. With the constant exhibit of these airbrushed to perfection bodies the audience becomes desensitized, especially the youth, making people believe that it’s normal. This constant reminder can cause great guilt, making one think they are unattractive and below average. The negative body image being portrayed in the media is on display for everyone and it’s continuously being supported by the rest of the population. With this distorted perception of beauty many people have become unsatisfied with themselves. This persistent image of what you should look like can lead to poor physical and mental health. With people becoming insecure with their body image things like low self-esteem, depression, eating disorders, and even suicide can occur. In source 1 (Effects of the Media on Body Image), it states that the National Eating Disorder Association (2006) reports, â€Å"In the past 70 years national rates of all eating disorders have dramatically increased. † To some, being thin becomes everything. Deception of reality invades people’s lives and with media being just a turn or a click away, the influence of the media starts at an early age. According to The Journal of Adolescent Health, â€Å"Teenagers that are overweight, or believe that they are overweight, appear to have a higher risk of suicide† (This information is stated in source 3: Teen Suicide Attempts Linked to Body weight and Body Image). Each year the models in the media are growing thinner and the advertisement of dieting and exercising is increasing. Beauty is being manipulated again and again. People’s physical and mental health is at serious risk and it’s time for a change. Perfection does not exist and for someone to try to attain such a thing is not healthy. The images in the media have profound effects on our lives and with that in mind, the media should rethink their perception of beauty. Just because someone is not stick thin doesn’t mean they’re not beautiful. Just because someone doesn’t look like the model on the cover of a magazine doesn’t mean they’re not beautiful, and just because someone doesn’t acquire the characteristic of what the media insights as beautiful, doesn’t mean they’re not beautiful; it just means they are realistic. We continue to take a walk down a dangerous path in our culture. Not enough is being done to deter the false images that are being portrayed. The media’s perception of beauty is both unrealistic and harmful to one’s self. As a collective society, we need to accept our flaws. We need to accept people for how they look, stop trying to live up to an unrealistic image in the media, and just be ourselves. Why do we give the media the right to say what’s beautiful? Their exhibit of beauty is not real. It’s time for a change in media for the sake of society’s health. How to cite The Perception of Beauty, Papers

Chinas Economic Growth Due to Recent Foreign Poli Essay Example For Students

Chinas Economic Growth Due to Recent Foreign Poli Essay ciesRecent Chinese economic policies have shot the country into the worldeconomy at full speed. As testimony of this, Chinas gross domestic product hasrisen to seventh in the world, and its economy is growing at over nine percentper year (econ-gen 1). Starting in 1979, the Chinese have implemented numerouseconomic and political tactics to open the Chinese marketplace to the rest ofthe world. Just a few areas Chinas government is addressing are agriculturaltechnology, the medical market, and infrastructures, like telecommunications,transportation and the construction industry. Chinese reform measures evenanticipated the rush of foreign investment by opening newly expanded industriesto out-of-country investors. Effects of this sudden change in economic strategyby a world power can be felt by practically every nation of the globe involvedin international trade. The change in the amount of imports and exports to andfrom China will increase the demand on countless markets, from automobile , topetrochemical, to pharmaceuticals, and optical fiber. Also, with all theforeign investment China is receiving, the socialistic republic will only growmore and more interdependent upon the world economy. However, the impressivegrowth rate of Chinas economy is not without its shortcomings. Problems suchas inflation and inefficient state-owned enterprises plague the rise of theChinese economy. The main goal for Chinas modern foreign policies is the development ofthe Chinese infrastructure. The significance of improved communication andtransportation cannot be over-stressed. Economically, enhanced means ofcommunication and transportation allows more expedient supply and demandscheduling. Two of the latest Chinese reform measures to aid in the developmentof the country are the Provisional Regulations on Direction Guide to ForeignInvestment and the Catalogue Guiding Foreign investment in China. Both thesepolicies place specific industries including telecommunications, machinery, andelectronics on top priority. Funding for these projects come from foreigninvestments and appropriations from the Chinese government in the form of grantfinancing, and legislative or administrative support. Yet another example of the Chinese emphasis on industrial based growthis the far-reaching goal of having just under 100 million telecommunicationlines by the year 2000. Chinas Central Ministry of Posts and Communication saidthat in order to complete this major task China will enlist the aid of majoroverseas suppliers and create manufacturing plants within the nation. AT;T,Motorola, Northern Telecom, Alcatel, Erricsson, NEC, and Siemens are just ahandful of the multinational companies which hold a considerable share of theChinese telecom market, once again proving that China is becoming a party toglobal interdependence. The Chinese pharmaceutical market, much like Chinese industrial markets,is experiencing rapid growth due to reforms in Chinas economic strategy. Thenations government has decided to lower import tariffs and remove the necessityof an import license to bring pharmaceuticals into the country. Also, patentedforeign drugs, such as Tylenol, are now being protected from counterfeiting byadministrative action. The result of these provisions are overseas contractualinvestments totaling $1.5 billion in the past five years, and income from themedical industrys exports reaching 2.6 times the amount five years ago,according to Zheng Xiaoyu, director of the State Pharmaceutical Administration(scitech/med 1). The pharmaceutical markets growth is another example of theeconomic progress China has made. Even after accounting for all the economic benefits recognized by theworld, the Chinese still come out as the country with the most gains. However,there are more motives behind Chinas market reforms than just purely economic. On the political front, China is fast becoming an integral part of internationalorganizations. The Chinese government is making a conscious effort to reenterGATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), realizing the importance ofcreating a favorable trading status among foreign nations. Slowing thisprogress, the 124 nation strong trade bloc has requested that numerousconditions must be met by China before the nation can become a member of GATTonce again. Several of these provisions are the elimination of importprohibitions, restrictive licensing requirements and other controls orrestrictions; lifting of all restrictions on access to foreign exchange and fullconvertibility of the Chinese currency (china-tr. 2). Other important keythemes behind Chinas Open-Door policies are economic and technologicalcooperation with the West (china-tr 1) and that Chinas government no longersupports Third World revolution. Instead, China realizes that cooperation withdeveloping countries would be far more practical. .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .postImageUrl , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:hover , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:visited , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:active { border:0!important; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:active , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: â€Å"October Sky† by Joe Johnston and â€Å"Every Day Use† by Alice Walker’s EssayAlthough Chinese foreign policy is aimed at opening the nations entireeconomy to the world, it neglects the agricultural market almost entirely, withthe exception of technical contracts. These contracts are designed to improvethe transfer

Jihad And Jiala Essays - Jihad, Islam, , Term Papers

Jihad And Ji'ala Jihad and Ji'ala Recently Jihad has made national headlines. Most people don't know what that word means and what are the rules for declaring Jihad. Well, Jihad means holy war, which applies to Muslims. The idea of Jihad came about when Prophet Muhammad wanted to spread Islam. Jihad was first declared against the people of Mecca, who chased out the prophet and his followers and they had to escape to Medina. The take on Jihad was also used to expand the Muslim empire. Jihad can only be declared by an Imam (the leader of Islam) under certain conditions. Michael Bonner wrote a book titled Studies in the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier. He talked about how Jihad had certain practice that was used in pre-Islamic Arabia, which was used in battles between the Arabs (Muslims) and the Byzantines. This paper is going to concentrate about Jihad and try to oppose his beliefs about how Jihad has pre-Islamic practices. The first thing that Michael Bonner talks about is Ja'l which means:wage or pay which one gives to a man that he may aid himself thereby to serve in the war (p.12) He also mentioned Ji'ala which also mean when a man is obligated to go to war and has another man take his place in exchange for a wage stipulated in advance. (p.12) Also known as a bribe. He applied those two activities to Islam, and how they were used in the basis of Jihad. To start out with, Jihad is for a free adult Muslim male, in a health shape and he must bring his own provisions, weapons, equipment and mount all out of his own wealth. Islam opposes having Muslim pay other Muslims to fulfill their obligation to go to war and get rewarded the same as for the person who actually went and fulfilled his religious obligation. Michael Bonner said in his book that Ji'ala was used before Islam, a time called Jahiliyya. He also mentioned that Islam opposed it by mentioning Abdallah bi Umar, who was the son of the caliph Umar I, in how when he was asked about Ji'ala he replied 'I don't accept bribes, except for the bribe which God offers me' (p.31), also another proof of opposition by the same person 'The man who stayed [at home] used to give a donation to the warrior. But for a man selling his won capacity for warfare, I don't know what that is' (p.30) From those two quotes on could surely see no relation between Jihad and Ji'ala since Ibn Umar was raised by an influential Muslim leader (caliph). Also the Qur'an (holy book in Islam) doesn't mention this kind of activity. The Qur'an mentions that a person could donate money or gifts to the men leaving for Jihad, but that person will not receive any service in return for what he donated. Ibn Umar used to do this. Also Michael Bonner tried to prove his point by talking about how several Hadiths, which means formally recorded saying of the prophet Muhammad and of those around him, passed down through a process of oral transmission, supplemented at some point by writing. (p.xii), by using quranic verses, and by also translating poems after the spread of Islam. First of all Hadiths can be interpreted differently by Muslim lawyers, for example Iraq and Medina had different interpretation about the Hadith of Companions. In addition, the Qur'an is the language of God, and some parts in the Qur'an, it's true meaning is still unclear, and different people have different interpretation. He used a quranic verse as a strong point to back up his point, but as mentioned above there are different interpretations. The prophet set certain conditions for jihad and it didn't mention Ji'ala at all. Finally, he mentions a poem written by a Muslim poet. Poems are completely irrelevant to prove a sensitive point, t hey are not mean to be used to prove a religious point, it's a form of art, and the Arabs back then were known for writing beautiful poems for the purpose of competing with other poets. So, these poems shouldn't be used to back up historical activities. In conclusion, for Michael Bonner to try to prove

Buddhist funerals Essay Example

Buddhist funerals Essay Example Buddhist funerals Paper Buddhist funerals Paper Funerals vary from culture to culture; some are simple and quite, whilst others are loud including partys, celebrating life and death. However for Buddhist a funeral is usually a simple and private affair. There are many different types of Buddhist communities, and each one holds a different type of funeral, from a cremation, to a sky burial. Some of the main Buddhist communities are the Theravada Buddhists, the Tibetan Buddhists and the Mahayana Buddhists, each of them holding a different style of ceremony. The Theravada Buddhists who mainly live in Thailand, encourage a dying person to read or chant passages from the Suttas, they do this to try and improve their Karma as they are very close to the time of their re-birth. After the death, the relatives, pour water over a hand of their dead family member, the body is then placed in a coffin. However he or she is not then just shut away in the dark, the body is surrounded by lights and incense, and sometimes passages from the Abhidhamma will be read over the body, by Bhikkuss. Traditionally the bodies are cremated, as was the Buddha. In Theravada Buddhist communities the cremation usually takes place about three days after the death, until his point the body lays in the home, visited by friends and family, and then at night some one would watch over the body. On the day of the funeral, the body is carried by the community elders, and Bhikkus, at the place of cremation the Bhikkus chant passages from the Suttas as the coffin is being placed upon a pyre, the mourners then light a fire under it, they usually then throw incense into the flame. The Tibetan Buddhists traditionally read the Bardo Thodol to the dying to prepare them for the passage into their next life. Monks carry on saying the Bardo Thodol for 49 days after the death to help the Anatta on its way. In the Tibetan Buddhists views they traditionally cremate the body of the dead like the Theravada Buddhists, however as the Tibetan Buddhists are based in countries with usually scarce amounts of fuel, and wood so the body is given a Sky Burial. Three days after the death, the body is washed and put into the foetal position so that it leaves the world as it arrived; it is then wrapped in a white cloth, the white representing purity. It is the taken to a top of a hill, an area walled off which is usually near a monastery. As the body is taken the monks would chant, and the body would be disposed off at dawn. For a sky burial the body is then unwrapped and a body-breaker craves the body into pieces, then it is mixed with flour, this will act as food for the Vultures. Tibetan Buddhists believe that the body is then taken to Bardo. Bardo is believed to be A human soul between the stages of after-death and rebirth. (1) The Mahayana Buddhists are mainly based in China, the day of the death is very important to them, they believe that as soon as the body is taken the personality goes into a trance for four days in the trance the person does not know if he or she is alive or dead, the Mahayana Buddhists call this period the Bardo, and though out this period monks say special verses. Some of the most important readings that are recited are the Amitabha Sutra and the name of Amitabha. The Mahayana Buddhists also believe that during this period the dead person will see a brilliant light, if it does not scare them, and they can welcome it then they no longer need to be re-born, however most people run away from the light which then fades. The person then relieves that that they have died, and enter the second Bardo, they see everything that they have ever done, or thought. They also think that they have a body, they later relies that they do not, and enter the third Bardo, which is a state in which they search for a another body. * ways morning periods observed * prayers * offerings Buddhist believe in Karma; Karma is everything that you have ever done I your whole life, added up when you die and then weighed. If you have more good Karma then bad Buddhists believe that in your next life you will have a better life then the one that you just lived, how ever if you have more bad Karma then good karma you will be re-born in to a worse life. How great you life can be judged on many points, your family, friends, how wealthy you are, any disabilities, your home, some Buddhists even say that it can determine how pretty you are when you are re-born. This is all decided when you die and enter the second stage of Bardo; Bardo is a place between death and being re-born. Most Buddhist are believed to just be re-born, however there are Buddhists that have reached the end of being re-born, and karma, they enter Nirvana, enlightenment, which is the ultimate aim for all Buddhists. This teaches Buddhists that their lives are in their hands, they can improve it or not. So, Buddhists try to make as much good karma as they can, to reach enlightenment. They do this by following the 10 precepts, which consist of, not killing or harming any living thing, not stealing, not to misuse sex, not to lie and not to cloud the mind with alcohol or drugs, a Buddhists mind should at all times be clear so they can concentrate on reaching enlightenment. The other 5 precepts are not quite as widely practiced, it is usually monks that practice these continually, but are still very important. They are to refrain from eating after midday, to refrain from dancing, singing, or watching unsuitable entertainment. They should also try not to use scents or garlands, they should not sleep on a high or luxurious bed, and they should not touch gold, silver or handle money. Another way Buddhists can reach enlightenment is by following the 8 fold path, the 8fold path has three sections, the way of wisdom, the way of morality and the way of mental training. The way of wisdom teaches Buddhists a true insight and deep understanding of lie. (3) The way of morality teaches them how to behave towards other people and the environment. (3) Whist the way of mental training teaches them the spiritual practices that the Buddha can perform in order to reach Nibbana. (3) Under these headings they have the 8 points of the 8 fold path that they must follow, they are having the right view, the right intentions, the right speech, the right action, the right livelihood, the right effort, the right meditation and the right mindfulness. If a Buddhist follows the rules of the 8 Fold Path, then he is on his way to making himself a better Buddhist, not only this, but the more he or she practices the 8 Fold Path the closer they get to reaching enlightenment which is their ultimate aim. By following these rules, they allow them selves to enter a state of mind, which Makes the mind still and steady opens vast vistas of bliss, serenity and power, and helps them to generate the insights unveiling the ultimate truth of things. (2). Red: Wisdom Training. Right View, understanding the 4 Noble Truths, and understanding Karma. Right Intentions, having Good Will (Metta) and Harmlessness. Blue: Ethics Training. Right Speech, not harsh, rude, false, slander, or idle chit-chatter. Right Action, not killing anything alive, stealing, or sexual misconduct. Right Livelihood earning your living legally, honestly, peacefully, and without harm. Purple: Meditation Training. Right Effort in path of enlightenment, and the undertaking of the great endeavors. Right Concentration/ Meditation, opening your mind, being calm and in control. Right Mindfulness, not being lazy, mindful contemplation of the body, feelings, states of mind, and phenomena.

A History of Synthetic Grass

A History of Synthetic Grass AstroTurf is a brand of artificial turf or synthetic grass. James Faria and Robert Wright of Monsanto Industries co-invented Astroturf. A patent for astroturf was filed for on December 25, 1965, and issued by the USPTO on July 25, 1967. The Evolution of Astroturf During the 50s and 60s, the Ford Foundation was studying ways to improve the physical fitness of young people. At the same time, the Chemstrand Company, a subsidiary of Monsanto Industries, were developing new synthetic fibers for use as tough carpeting. Chemstrand was encouraged to try to make the perfect urban sports surface for schools by the Ford Foundation. From 1962 to 1966, Chemstrand worked on creating new sports surfaces. The surfaces were tested for foot traction and cushioning, weather drainage, flammability and wear resistance. Chemgrass In 1964, the Creative Products Group installed a synthetic turf called Chemgrass at the Moses Brown School in Providence Rhode Island. This was the first large-scale installation of synthetic turf. In 1965, Judge Roy Hofheinz built the AstroDome in Houston, Texas. Hofheinz consulted with Monsanto about replacing the natural grass with a new synthetic playing surface. The First Astroturf In 1966, the Houston Astros baseball season begins on a Chemgrass surface now renamed Astroturf at the AstroDome. Supposedly it was renamed AstroTurf by one John A. Wortmann. The same year, the Houston Oilers AFL football season began on more than 125,000 square feet of removable Astroturf at the AstroDome. The next year, Indiana State University Stadium, in Terre Haute, Indiana became the first outdoor stadium installed with Astroturf. Astroturf Patented In 1967, Astroturf was patented (U.S. patent #3332828 see photos right). The patent for a monofilament ribbon file product was issued to inventors Wright and Faria, of Monsanto Industries. In 1986, Astroturf Industries, Inc. was formed and sold in 1994 to Southwest Recreational Industries. Former Astroturf Competitors All are no longer available. The name astroturf is a registered trademark, however, it is sometimes used incorrectly as a generic description for all artificial turf. Below are the names of a few astroturf competitors, all are no longer in business. Tartan Turf, PolyTurf, SuperTurf, WycoTurf, DurraTurf, Gras, Lectron, PoliGras, All-Pro, Cam Turf, Instant Turf, Stadia Tur, Omniturf, Toray, Unitika, Kureha, KonyGreen, Grass Sport, ClubTurf, Desso, MasterTurf, DLW

Oracle Database 11g Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Oracle Database 11g - Assignment Example In case there are numerous databases that exists on the very same server, then there is a distinct and separate database instance for every database. It is not possible or recommendable to share a database instance. Connection in a database instance is the communication that occurs between the instance and the user process. Session in a database instance, on the other hand, is the specific connection of a database user to an instance through the database user process that it stands for in the current user login to the instance. Whenever an Oracle Database user runs the process for the first time, it calls for a specific piece of data. The Oracle searches for the data from the database buffer cache. The search process can either find the data or not find it. If the data is found, it is referred to as a cache hit, and when it misses the data it is called a cache miss. When it is a cache hit, the data is read from the memory directly. If it is a cache miss, the data must be copied from a data file on the disk then into a buffer in the cache before the data is accessed freshly. To accommodate several users and to maximize performance, an Oracle Database multi-process system uses some extra Oracle Database process named background processes. There are numerous background processes in an Oracle Database instance. The Database Writer Process, abbreviated as DBWn, writes the buffer contents to the data files. The DBWn are tasked with writing the modified buffers in the database buffer to the system disk. Even through a single database is sufficient for most systems (DBW0), additional processes can be configured to enhance write performance if the system heavily modifies the data ((DBW1, DBW9, DBWa and through to DBWz). The control files constitute the database data (physical database information). The files are very important to the database, without them, the data files cannot be opened. The information can also contain the

Paper on Jim dine ( wheat filds ) art work Essay

Paper on Jim dine ( wheat filds ) art work - Essay Example This is evident through the use of three dimensional objects in creating the artwork. Examples of the three dimensional objects that are evident include the 14 feet long axle complete with two wheels, an ‘illusionary’ wooden skull, an oar, a rake, sculptures of a bird, a egg, an axe, twigs, 24 inch headless sculpture of the sacred heart of Jesus, as well as a sculptured lion. The astonishing and illusionary rubber feet create a dimensionality of triploid painting. This is whereby the eyes do not perceive the flat wall; but fools the eyes into seeing a street disappear in the distance. Degree of Representation Jim Dine employs this aspect of presentation in order to leave the viewer confused as to what is real and what is not real. The multi coloured parrot and the bright red oars appear as if they are real but upon a closer scrutiny and subjecting them to the sense of touch, the reality of the cold, bronze material in the construction is evident. The choice of bronze mat erial evokes a brutish, nostalgic reality that Dine employed in the still life artwork. ... They symbolic objects also appear to have their own life and variety. However, they are all just illusion that have been conjured in bronze and paint by an apparent cynical artist in the persona of Jim Dine. Elements of Design The still life artwork has largely used bronze as the basic material in designing all the objects presents. The most standing out image is the skull like sculpture whose design has employed very unique elements of design. Foremost, the skull sculpture appears to have a brownish and wood-like texture. This illusionary effect has been achieved by the painting a brownish colour all over skull sculpture. This has consequently created the illusion that the skull has been curved from wood while in reality it is a bronze sculpture. Furthermore, the skulls forehead appears have cracks that give an impression that it is old. However, this has been achieved through dark line designs across the skull’s forehead. In addition, the skulls eyes appear hollow. This has been achieved by applying a dark painting into the engorged eye sockets. The elements of design employed in the wheel tyres of the tractor axle have also employed an element of design that gives it a realistic impression. Foremost, the tire treads have been intricately carved out from bronze. In addition, they have been painted black and glossed over in order to give them a bright shiny look and further give it a realistic impression of tractor tires. It should also be noted that the boat oars have been painted in a bright red colour. This clearly makes them stand out among the array of objects. As far as spacing is concerned, all the objects have been evenly spaced along the axle rod. Furthermore,

Donor Services Essay Example for Free

Donor Services Essay 1. What was Joanna Reeds diagnosis of the situation in the donor services department? Sam Wilson was an American who ran the Guatemala branch of a U.S. aid agency. Joanna Reeds diagnosis of the situation in his donor services department found many problems. LEADERSHIP The biggest problem was that there was no leader who was accountable. Elena was the supervisor but she had no control. She also had no leadership skills and did not get respect because she was not bilingual and of a different religion. The supposed leader, Jose, spent almost all his time in the community services department. He did not pay attention and left things up to Elena. INEFFICIENCY IN WORK The translators mostly did clerical work even though they were bilingual. The work in the office was divided into set tasks, one done by each person, and not divided evenly. Some workers had too much paperwork while the others had spare time. Those that had spare time did not help those loaded with work. There was also lack of training in English and in work, so quality was bad. The workers did not think about the job and used many extra steps and wasted time. TRACKING The data was not shared in the department, so people had little knowledge about their job. There were no statistics about time, requests for information, or responses. There was little communication, plus there was resentment of Elena by some. Jose did not hear about problems or about good results. MORALE The agency was run by a religion and Elena was not of that religion. However, everyone was proud of the agency and the religion. But morale was low because the workers did not use or improve their skills and had only a set and boring role to do. They are frustrated with the department. GROUP DYNAMICS One translator Magdalena had experience, college education, and maturity. She had strong belief in the agency and was more professional. Three translators socialized mostly, and their leader Juana was outgoing with good oral English. Other translators had too much work. Everyones English was only fair. Supervisor Elena was left out. Elena was treated like just a watchdog. Boss Jose was not around much and paid no attention. 2. What should she recommend to Sam Wilson? (HOW) Joanna might have made these suggestions: LEADERSHIP Magdalena might be a good supervisor instead of Elena. Magdalena had experience, education, belief in the agency, maturity, and professionalism. Magdalena could keep herself from making others dislike her by keeping a distance away from them. She could also have got respect. Juana could be given more leadership roles, to use her humor and outgoingness. Elena could do a job that required the hardest work. Jose could spend all his time in the community services department. INEFFICIENCY IN WORK The working strategy was changed to divide all the work more evenly, so all workers did all jobs. They could be less bored and learn more through such training. They could work in a team environment, rather than be selfish for themselves. Joannas identified unnecessary steps, which caused the system to be slow; could be changed to a better workflow. The workers could be asked to think more about improvements. The workers could be trained more in translating, perhaps they could translate easy documents or parts of documents. Socializing could be minimized to break times. TRACKING Statistics about time, requests for information, or responses could be kept and shared with all workers. Communication about problems or about good results would be increased through meetings, talks with leaders, and newsletters. MORALE All workers could know all jobs and be given a minimum of boring work, while improving skills. The religion should be emphasized along with service to others. The department could link with community services more. Communication should be encouraged. Togetherness as a team with an important purpose whould be emphasized. GROUP DYNAMICS The leader should be respected because of English languge ability and leadership skills and be of the right religion. Theleader should also be around all the time. The secondary leader should be a team worker and skillful in communication. The workers should respect each other and work as a team. All persons should have clear authority and responsibility. The workload should be fair. REWARDS Joanna could recommend rewards to change both the workers and the managers behavior. They could get a bonus for achieving goals. They could get awards for service and efficiency. They could have a chance to go to higher positions in the agency. Perhaps they could visit the U.S.!

Multilingualism on the Net :: Languages Technology Papers

Multilingualism on the Net What will be the effect of the Internet upon natural languages in the 21st century? It is widely accepted that, generally speaking, any new media change languages. For example, the prevalence of TV has dramatically homogenized spoken accents over the past few decades. Young people tend to speak in almost the same way as TV casters, and local dialects and accents remain only among the speech of older people. This TV effect, however, is insignificant as compared with the enormous effect of print media on languages over the past few hundred years. The prevailing print texts, especially newspapers etc., enabled millions of people who had never met each other to think about the same topics in the same language, thus creating a sort of community identity. This community identity was transformed into national identity, upon which in turn the nation-state was established, as discussed by political scientist Benedict Anderson [1]. Print languages are widely acknowledged as standard national languages, for which dictionaries are edited, and lessons are given in schools. On the other hand, other languages gradually declined. Since the market economy requires any printing business to have a certain amount of readers, print languages tend to be limited to so-called major languages spoken by millions of people. In short, the number of written languages on the earth decreased after the arrival of prin t media. What, then, will the arrival of the Internet bring about? ---- Roughly speaking, we can predict two distinct directions. The first one is English monopoly. The Internet has originated in the United States, and it is obvious that at present most international correspondence takes place in English. This is partly for the historical reason that the Internet has developed as a communication tool for the researchers of science and technology whose common language is English. Now general people in addition to science and technology researchers often utilize the Internet, but English is still the dominant language if one wants to look at foreign Web sites or send E-mail across state borders. Therefore there is the possibility that, sooner or later in the 21st century, English will become the sole common language for international communication, thereby accompanying the inescapable decline of other languages. In this case the term globalization means the hegemony of English-based, United Sta tes-centered single culture spreading all over the world. On the other hand, however, we may expect the second direction where various cultures in different countries thrive and interchange with each other, resulting in fruitful and plural global culture.

Coketown described by Charles Dickens †Criticism Essay

This passage has come across a monotonous and dull town surrounded by industrialization. There is no colour, no aesthetic beauty but just buildings and factories that are an eyesore to the whole town. This town was once a nice place and it was a town of ‘red brick’ but because of all the smoke, dust and dirt it has now all changed to black brick. There is no life left in the inhabitants of the town. They are just servers to the town and they aren’t even considered the characters of the passage. They are dehumanized and instead the buildings are the characters that take over. The buildings seem to literally take over the human qualities and are given priority and superiority to the people. There is no change or difference between one building and another. ‘The Jail might have been the infirmary; the infirmary might have been the jail’. There is a sense of sameness and uniformity. Other people get life out of what Coketown sacrifices. The people of this town are stuck with this lifestyle forever as there doesn’t seem to be any way out if it. The town is literally doomed. There is the image of ‘serpents’ which give off the evil part to this town. It is almost as if the people are under the influence of this evil task master from which the inhabitants can never hope to escape. There is also the image of ‘water’ which is usually the symbol of life and purity but in this case the water has become a victim of this so called progress. This lifeless town is basically sustained by what it makes and produces. These people are sacrificing their lives and their town in order to survive. The only thing that seems to be done in this town is work and more work; there are no natural sights or pleasure in its perspective. Everything is made just for purpose and function. Even the chapel built which is supposed to be an inspiring building and h ave meaning to people is described as a ‘warehouse’. There is a feeling of entrapment in this town such as the ‘bird cage’ image used. These people have no knowledge of life out of this town. They are mechanical soldiers who feel enslaved to working for this town and feel like it is their only purpose to life. The people are alienated from each other as they don’t even seem to try and change this strict and totalitarian system. There is nothing more than facts and nothing seems important besides facts. It is a perverted world where people have lost their humanity and inanimate objects get a life of their own. This town seems to be what controls the people and unfortunately the people all seem to be too intimated by the system that they won’t even consider speaking up about the corrupt lifestyle they all live each day. There is a major devoid of natural life and the people are helpless to the situation.

My Strengths

The only reason why I can say so much about myself is I take in a lot of feedback from people who know me. Although I know that I should be a person with full self-awareness, I take into account how other people see me so I could improve in areas where I could improve (and when I think it is fair and appropriate) and subsequently lead a better life. It is one good sign of openness to the opportunities that the world can offer – the ability to take criticism, move on and know that there is nothing personal about seeking improvement in what you are doing. My friends, classmates and loved ones have always told me that I have the knack for speaking my own thoughts. I am straightforward and I like expressing my thoughts in a direct manner. I think it is a plus, because people do not really want to waste time guessing what you mean. I live to describe things as I see them, and tell things as they are. I have a great sense of humor. I find it easy to make friends laugh during casual conversations. Sense of humor is a great element in interpersonal communication, specifically in the field of marketing and campaigns. Sense of humor is also good for career-driven people who need to talk to countless people to build an excellent business network. I am also a fast, responsive learner. I am smart when it comes to numbers — it is good for business, I know. I studied in reputable schools, and that gives me an edge over people who did not get to study at all. Although my education is not a reason for bragging, it is a reason to be grateful that I know a lot of things that life outside school will not be able to teach me. I have had several part-time and summer jobs, which honed my alertness, level of customer service understanding, and entrepreneurial side. I am fully aware that every job I’ve done in the past is a lot of the reason why I am the confident person that I am today; it will also form part of who I’m going to be tomorrow, or five years down the line. To sum it up, the major details of my past — in school and in my career, ultimately, in life in general — have helped me become this strong and competent person that I am today. My Weaknesses Like most human beings, I have my own set of weaknesses. I am not tolerant of hunger. When I’m hungry, I eat. I eat peanuts or crackers, I just have to shove some edible and nutritious food down my throat and I’ll be fine. But when I’m hungry, really very hungry, I lose concentration, and experience terrible mood swings. This is the reason why I always have chocolate and crackers in my pocket. One of weaknesses, too is not putting down a book when I started reading. I also do not turn off the DVD player once I decide to watch a TV series-in DVD minimovies. On one hand, it is good that I do not stop doing something when there seems to be nothing going on. On the other hand, it is bad because I should be able to stick to schedule and I’ve got to have the courage to turn off the television when I have to, whether I’m being slaved over by my boss. Why an Employer Should Hire Me An employer should hire me because my whole life has been a preparation for a job that would make me extremely competent as an employee. An employer should hire me because I am a very fast learner and I am an excellent team player. At the same time, I am independent. You can leave me here and I’ll be fine. I will ask a few questions but that’s that. I won’t ask for spoon-feeding because I like the idea that I’m leaning in an unsupervised environment. An employer should hire me because I will take care of his business as if it’s my own. (It will spell a lot of difference.) The many mistakes that have occurred in many businesses and contacts before include their team’s unsupportive nature. I am excellent story-teller. I will make a socially-aware potential Mr. Mc Donanld? Â   Â   Â  

Here Are The 10 Reasons You Cant Find a Job †And What To Do About It

Here Are The 10 Reasons You Cant Find a Job - And What To Do About It You know your worth. The problem is, the job market doesn’t seem to be getting it. If you find yourself increasingly frustrated with the fact that you can’t find  a job, then it might be time to ask yourself a few tough questions and then change tacks to make sure you’re presenting yourself in the best possible light for the world to see how wonderful and hirable you really are. Here are 10 very common mistakes you might be making, that might be keeping you from getting hired.1. Perceived IndifferenceFor some reason, your behavior projects as though you don’t really want the job. Perhaps you got a voicemail from a recruiter or hiring manager, but you didn’t return it promptly enough- assuming they would call you back if they were really interested- and then the opportunity passed.Make it a point to respond to all possible job correspondence as swiftly and eagerly as possible, without looking desperate.2. CarelessnessThat spelling mistake in your r esume should have taken you two minutes to catch if you had done a careful proofread. Make sure your materials are cleanly presented, free of typos and grammatical errors, and show that you put at least the minimum of effort into your application.If you don’t have the careful eye required, have someone else proofread your materials and profiles for you.3. You Look FlightyYou might have a good reason for hopping around from job to job. Say you were a full-time student until recently and were working odd jobs to keep yourself fed and clothed and housed. Unless you have a good narrative to explain your spotty history, leave off any jobs lasting fewer than three months. And then use the â€Å"About you† section or question to explain your situation. The key thing is to demonstrate that you are not a flight risk.4. Poor PresentationIf you showed up scruffy and unshaven, with rumpled clothes, or- worse- you didn’t shower, then that could explain why you’re not converting interviews into offers. Take out your piercing, wear long sleeves over your tattoos, and comb your hair. Act professional and people will assume you can be treated (and hired) as such.5. You’re OverqualifiedIf you have a lot of fancy education, skills, and experience on your resume and you’re applying for jobs well below your pay grade, that might explain the lack of calls. Remember that entry-level jobs are meant for entry-level employees. Don’t bother to apply for them if you’ve moved beyond that stage in your career- no matter how much you want to get a job.6. SmokingSeriously, smoking is so 1992. If you come into an interview reeking of cigarettes, your potential employer is going to be turned off. They’ll also think that customers could potentially be turned off as well. Quit now. Your health and your career will thank you for it.7. Bad AttitudeIt might not be your fault that you’re depressed or frustrated. But it is your fau lt for showing it in an interview situation. Keep your anger about your job search frustration, or your lay-off, or your bad former boss to yourself. Be pleasant and positive and show yourself in your best light as a future coworker.8. You Didn’t Pay AttentionThe job posting is your best friend. It asks for specific materials and describes, specifically, what the company is looking for. Failure to read this carefully, and determine whether you can deliver what is asked, is all on you.Do exactly what you’re asked to do. Follow the directions to the letter and prove to your potential boss that you can carry out whatever task she gives you- without having to be told twice.9. Poor CommunicationYou talk too much or too little. Your interviewer has to coax monosyllabic answers out of you. You stray off the topic of the question. You can’t get your strong points across in words. Beef up your communication skills, and you should see a marked improvement.10. You’r e Not PreparedYou didn’t do your homework. You have no idea what the company does. You haven’t thought through why you are the perfect fit for this particular job and what you can do for the company. You don’t know enough about the industry. You don’t have a list of good questions to ask your interviewer, or good answers to her questions of you. You ask for a salary that is either far too high or too low for the job you’re applying for.Don’t fall victim to this easiest trap of job seeking. Prepare, then prepare even more. You can never be too prepared.Keep in mind lots of factors that have nothing to do with you could be affecting your job search. But lots of factors that you can and should fix could be too! Do a thorough self-search inventory to make sure you’re not sabotaging yourself. Then keep going. It could always be bad luck. Just keep at it, examine yourself for a tune-up now and then, and eventually you’ll get a breakt hrough.

Writer’s Block 13 Hacks to Overcome Writers Block For Good [QUIZ]

Writer’s Block 13 Hacks to Overcome Writers Block For Good [QUIZ] Writer’s Block: 13 Hacks to Overcome Writers Block For Good [QUIZ] Writers block can stump even the best authors in the world. Finding a solution isnt nearly as difficult as they make it out to be.But first, let’s uncover what it really is and how writer’s block can affect you.Writing is hard enough on its own without writer’s block crawling into your brain and snatching up the words you really need to get that chapter done.But the thing is, we’ve all been there before.Every writer has experienced the struggle of forcing words onto a document one by one, dragging them kicking and screaming from the corners of your mind only to be left with a single sentenceone hour later.And you don’t even really like that sentence.This is how to overcome writers block:Outline your book to beat writers blockResearch before you writeWrite more often to get over writers blockWrite despite writers blockRead oftenGet movingTake a walk to get over writers blockTalk about your writers blockGain inspiration elsewherePut your phone away!Re read your writingStop comparing your writingThink big picture to get over writers blockNOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereBeing Informed is the Key to Beating Writer’s BlockIf you want to cut right to the chase and save some time we can sum up what writer’s block is all about: not being prepared.The more you know and understand about the publishing process, the less you’ll become blocked because you’ll have clear direction one of the biggest reasons writer’s block encompasses your mind.And to do that, we put together the free training you need. What is Writer’s Block?Writers block is what happens when writers and authors cant think of what to write next and their minds are blocked from creating anything new or what they see as good.Its a nasty hindrance where you just can’t think of what to write n o matter how hard you try and how much you challenge your mind and a blank document quickly becomes your worst enemy. Even the best authors out there still deal with this from time to time.It can slow down your progress and end up taking much longer for you to write your book.And with so many reasons for writer’s block to take hold like insecurity, a lack of direction, or maybe even just a bad writing day it can put you down and complicate the whole writing process.Getting rid of it is not only the best thing for your book’s progress, but for writing faster and with more quality overall.If you, much like the rest of us, have ever dealt with writer’s block, here’s how you can sever its annoying restraints for good!What causes writer’s block?Underlyingissues like insecurity, a lack of direction with your plot, or even too many potential options for your book can cause writer’s block along with your creative â€Å"tank† being empty.Wh ile this might sound bad, the best part about all of these is this: they’re preventable.Take this quiz to find out WHY you have writers block!Take the Quiz NowHow to Overcome Writer’s Block by PreventionWhy do we wash our hands frequently during flu season?That’s right. To prevent succumbing to debilitating illnesses.And why do we get our oil changed regularly even when our vehicles are (seemingly) running well?Right again! To prevent breaking down on the interstate and destroying our vehicles from the inside out.That’s exactly why writer’s block is best beat by preventing the darn thing in the first place!But how do you do that? It’s not like you can wash your brain or change its oil.Well, not in a literal sense, you can’t. But you can try a few of these methods to keep your creative juices flowing like Niagara Falls in the springtime.#1 Outline Your BookIf there’s one technique that’ll prevent writer’s block th e best, it’s having an outline.These handy tools you didn’t pay attention to creating in school are essentially roadmaps for your book. They cover what happens next and what specific information you need to include.There are a number of ways you can create your outline; using sticky notes, writing it in bullet points, or even using one thats attached to a writing software.How can you not know what to write next if you already have an outline telling you exactly that?Many of us are stuck and blocked simply because we’re not sure what we should be writing next. Your imagination is at a standstill. You may just be divided between which path your book could potentially take.Creating a thorough outline squashes those issues so you can write fluidly, quickly, and with quality.When you’re not focused on what to write next, you can turn your attention to the quality of your writing while pumping out those words much faster, rendering writer’s block inactiv e.Use a simple method like the one this student of ours used:The post-it note wall is one of our favorite methods of outlining here at Self-Publishing School.It allows you to consistently have eyes on whats happening next when your writing which can prevent writers block.#2 Research BeforehandThere’s nothing worse than getting into your writing groove only to freeze because you’re not 100% certain of the facts you’re putting down. Your mind goes blank and the words stop coming.But since you’ve outlined your book, you know what you’re going to write before you even type that first word. Which means you know the research you need to do beforehand.Having all the facts makes writing a breeze, and it can also kick-start some fresh ideas and a more imaginative way of thinking.Here are some of our tips for researching to get rid of writers block:Compile a list of what you dont knowHighlight or make note of the most important partsJot down why its causin g you to have writers blockMake a separate document for what you findStart researching by using .edu or .gov website (if your topics call for it)Write down everything you needed to knowLook it over one last time to determine that its all you needed to researchStart writing again to beat writers block!Knowing more about a subject enables you to better explain it and writer’s block will run screaming for the hills. #3 Form a Writing Habit to Beat Writers BlockHow often do you write right now? One day a week? A few days a week?The more you write, the more effortless writing becomes. It’s like running, or exercising in general- the more often you do it, the easier it gets.Not creating a writing routine those creative muscles. It makes it harder to think in an innovative way, and so you spend hours on a single page simply trying to find a better way to phrase something that’s not even critical to your story.Keep those writer muscles strong by writing as often as you can every day, even! If you’ve got the time to flex your creativity, do it.Using a tracking sheet like the one above is a great way to schedule out your goals and then execute in a way that makes you WANT to write every day.You can also schedule your writing time into your calendar to get alerts and notifications for you to stop and write. This also ensure people dont schedule meetings with you during this time- so theres no excused to get writers block in this case!This particular sheet is from a NaNoWriMo blog post, but it serves as a writers block cure as well.How do you get over writer’s block?So you didn’t survive the preventative measures. That’s okay! We’ve all been there at one time or another and thankfully, we also managed to get through it.Writer’s block may be fickle and frustrating, but it’s not without weaknesses.All you have to do is find a way to break through to your true creativity and these are some of the best wa ys to destroy writer’s block and find the words again.#1 Write Anyway to Get Over Writers BlockI know what you’re thinking:â€Å"But I can’t! I’m blocked!†Most of the time, you may just be out of practice and need to find your rhythm again. Even if you’re struggling to get the words out, write them down anyway.You may not like it and you may go back to change what you wrote later, but it’s the single best way to force writer’s block into submission.It can’t win if you still write despite its grip on you.So get those words down and after a little while, writer’s block will scurry back into the darkest corner of your mind and stay there. Finding your flow is sometimes all you really need.Writer’s Block Action Step: If you’re feeling blocked with your current story, perform a writing exercise where you just describe your day in prose like you would writing. Make yourself the main character and craft y our day like you would a story in order to gain that momentum again.#2 ReadNothing can get your mind in a creative state more than reading. Picking up a book any kind of book and spending 30 minutes reading can spark your imagination and light a fire under you to get back to writing.It’ll also motivate and inspire you to work harder to reach your goal of publishing a book.When you’re holding someone else’s hard work in your hands, it’s proof your dream can come true. It’s justifying everything you’ve worked so hard for.You can also research books about writing in order to learn more about the craft. This can often help with insecurity so you feel ready to write again.Here are our top recommendations for book about writing to beat writers block:On Writing by Stephen KingThe Elements of Style by William StrunkOn Writing Well by William ZinsserWrite and Grow Rich by a collection of authorsZen in the Art of Writing by Ray BradburyThat may jus t be the push you need to shove writer’s block from your mind and get back to your work.Never underestimate the power of a good book.Writer’s Block Action Step:Grab your favorite book and spend 30 minutes reading it or until you feel inspired and ready to write again. Trust us, it works!#3 Get MovingExercise isn’t just great for your body, it’s also powerful for your mind.Scientifically speaking, exercising more not only increases your mood, but your creativity gets a boost as well!It’s not always easy to coerce yourself into going for a run or even doing a few sit-ups at home when you just settled into your comfy couch to write, but if writer’s block is preventing you from actually getting any productive wordsmithing done, it could make a huge difference.You can simply do some jumping jacks or take a quick walk around the block. Stimulating your creativity physically might just beat writer’s block for you!Writer’s Block Acti on Step:Get off your butt and do a few jumping jacks! Spend at least 3 minutes doing some sort of exercise, or even go for a full 30-60 minute workout before coming back to writing.#4 Take a Walk or a DriveMindless tasks help your brain get out of a funk because it frees it from focusing on your daily tasks, the insecurity you may feel about writer’s block, and even the pressure of finishing your book.The more you can let your mind go, the more creative it becomes. Plus, a change of scenery never hurts the creative process.Always looking at the same place or even sitting in the same spot to write can be an issue. It’s hard to come up with new ideas and think creatively when you never have anything new fueling your imagination.Taking a walk or going for a short drive can help you recharge so you can kick that writer’s block to the curb and get back to writing again.Writer’s Block Action Step:Put on those shoes and hit the pavement. Take 10 minutes and obs erve your surroundings. Pick one thing you see outside and throughout the duration of your walk, craft a story in your mind focusing on that object.#5 Talk it OutAre you struggling with something specific? Sometimes the confines of your own mind isn’t the best place to work through your writer’s block.You may be the type of person who needs to verbalize your concerns in order to work through them. And that means you need to get up and actually speak to someone (or even yourself!) about what you’re struggling with.Writer’s block feeds on uncertainty. The more you question what you’re doing, the worse it’ll get.By talking through it out loud, you’ll have a new perspective. This will often offer fresh solutions that’ll make you eager to get back to that keyboard.Writer’s Block Action Step: Try to get your critique partner on the phone or active via messenger. Tell them what’s going on and even ask if they want to ta ke a look at where you left off to bounce ideas off each other.#6 Find InspirationThere are a lot of ways you can go about getting inspired again. While inspiration isn’t necessarily required to write, it certainly helps your drive and imagination.These are a few ways to get rid of writers block if you feel lost:Research related images on PinterestRead through your outlineRead a related bookCreate a vision board for your bookCreate a list of goals for after your book is completeListen to an influential PodcastWatch or read successful author interviewsInspiration is specific to each person. Meaning, it may take a few attempts before finding the method that works best for you.As an example, whenever I feel stuck or blocked when writing, I open my Pinterest board dedicated to my book and often find this helps.Heres an example of what a board for your book may look like in order for you to beat writers block.A Pinterest board like this really just serves to bring your book to re ality. When you see what it could look like in the minds of others, it helps you get back on the writing train.Anything that rouses your excitement to write again tramples that pesky writer’s block.Writer’s Block Action Step:Get on Pinterest or just Google and look up images that are reminiscent of your book, theme, or story. Compile a folder or board of these and notice the details that make them related to your book.#7 Put Your Phone Away!Are you really experiencing writer’s block or is that â€Å"block† in the shape of your phone?A lot of us love to use the excuse of â€Å"writer’s block† in order to justify spending far too much time perusing our social feeds.While there’s nothing wrong with wanting to catch up with friends and stay in the know, sometimes it can drag you away from achieving the goal of writing your book.What you need may not be a cure for writer’s block at all, but something completely different: self-cont rol.There are even apps for this now! Going to your phone every now and then can be a bad habit, but apps like Freedom help you stay on track.Freedom works by blocking your ability to access different websites or apps on your phone. This is what it looks like when you attempt to go online or open an app that you have disabled through Freedom:If you struggle to focus on the task of writing and you somehow always find your phone open to a mind-sucking app, it’s a good idea to switch your phone to silent and shove it aside for the remainder of your writing time.This alone might be enough to get rid of what’s really blocking your stream of words.Writer’s Block Action Step: Put your phone in a completely different room and on silent. This will stop you from opening your phone just to scroll and will block any other messages from distracting you until you’re done writing.#8 Reread Your WritingAs mentioned above, getting into a rhythm is essential for keeping w riter’s block at bay. When you suddenly can’t come up with the right words to describe what’s going on in your mind, it could be because you’ve lost momentum.Taking some time to reread your previous writing can help by putting you in the same frame of mind you were in the last time you had to stop writing.This will catapult your brain back into the right place so you can make progress and write easily again.Writer’s Block Action Step:Head back to the beginning of your current chapter (or the beginning of the previous one if you’re just starting a new one) and just read. Allow your mind to get lost in your own words. You can go further back to read if needed.#9 Stop Comparing Your Writingâ€Å"Comparison is the thief of joy.†Theodore Roosevelt knew as much and we’d wager to bet it also steals any progress you could be making. The more you worry about how your writing compares to someone else’s (who usually has much more experience than you), the harder it will be to write anything.That’s where writer’s block comes from in this instance.You’ll find fault with every word and every sentence even though your work is fantastic the way it is.Remember that nobody can write the story you are. Your voice and perspective are what makes your book unique in the first place. Changing this will only pull you further away from your identity as a writer.And most importantly, comparing your writing to someone else’s isn’t productive or helpful for anyone.Writer’s Block Action Step:Write down 10 things you love about your writing. Get specific and mention why you love your dialogue or why your theme is so unique and special. Recognize your own strengths and then say them out loud to yourself.#10 Think of the Big PictureWriting and publishing a book can be a long, hard process. Sure, the first week is exciting and you want to write all the words but that motivation probably won’t last through the entire process because it is work, after all.You’ll have rough days including moments when writer’s block takes hold. What’ll get you through them the easiest is taking a step back and thinking about the big picture.Ask yourself some of these questions to get rid of writers block:Why did you want to write this story?How will it benefit you?How will it benefit others?What message do you hope others receive?What value does this hold in your life?Pushing yourself to view your writing in terms of the end goal will not only motivate you to get started and put some words down, but it’ll also help remind you of your true purpose for telling this story.Writer’s Block Action Step:Write down the answers to the questions above in detail. Then read them out loud to yourself, really hear your own purpose for this book and that can often unclog your writer brain.How Long Does Writer’s Block Last?Writer’s block lasts a s long as you allow it to, which can often be days or even weeks if you don’t act on it and try these preventative and curing methods.Ultimately, the longer you put off dealing with the underlying causes of writer’s block, the longer it will last.Face your writer’s block head-on in order to get rid of it for good and get back to creating something that will resonate with people from all over.Overcome Writer’s Block by Staying InformedThe more you know, the less you have to worry about and since that is such a major cause of writer’s block, we’re offering you this FREE training where Chandler Bolt walks you through exactly what you need to know to write, market, and self-publish your book within 90 days!

Role of Inflammation in the Development of Atherosclerosis Essay - 1

Role of Inflammation in the Development of Atherosclerosis - Essay Example Normal endothelium does not allow binding of white blood cells. It is only after the damage of endothelium, that a series of events is initiated which ensues in inflammation. In this essay, the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis will be discussed through the review of the suitable literature.  Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the wall of the artery thickens due to the accumulation of fatty substances like cholesterol and triglycerides (Binder & Witztum, 2011). The condition affects arterial blood vessels secondary to chronic inflammation of the innermost wall of the arteries and is mainly caused due to the accumulation of macrophages. Accumulation of macrophages is promoted by low-density lipoproteins. Stiffening of arteries occurs due to the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries. There are basically 3 groups of atherosclerotic lesions and they are progressive atherosclerotic lesions, nonatherosclerotic intimal lesions and healed atherosclerotic plaques (Lib by et al, 2011). Certain preexisting intimal lesions have intimal thickening and fatty streaks and adult lesions can arise from these Intimal thickening mainly involves the smooth muscles cells which lie in a proteoglycan-rich matrix. In early lesions, moderate cell replication can occur, but in adult lesions, they are mainly clonal. Fatty streaks are basically intimal xanthomata in which there is the accumulation of fat-laden macrophages. These lesions have lesser number of smooth muscle cells and the lesser number of T-lymphocytes. These are nonatherosclerotic lesions. In progressive atherosclerosis lesions, there can be stable or non-stable plaques. The plaques have intimal thickening with deposition of lipid. But there is no evidence of necrosis (Binder & Witztum, 2011). Smooth muscle cells and proteoglycans overly the area of plaques along with T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Healed atherosclerotic plaques are those which have had thrombotic lesions but have recovered.

Violence In Televison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Violence In Televison - Essay Example Moreover, children in society tend to emulate whatever they see on television as a means of living their life for example, with superhero movies there have been so many cases of children trying to imitate superhero powers and jumping off buildings in an attempt to fly. Violence refers to extreme aggression being executed by physical or mental force and occurs when a person gets very angry and is not able to control his anger and is depicted a great deal on television. Due to the same, it does have an impact on society and contributes to violence in society in many ways. (F, Seymour, and Robert D. Singer) 1: Therefore, the following questions is posed; does violence shown on television in the form of television shows, movies and even advertisement have an impact on the minds of both adults and children and subsequently contribute to violence in society? Television programs today have an array of subjects ranging from criminal activities to investigative shows where crimes being commit ted in neighbourhoods, among families and even on a global scale are depicted and appeal to viewers the most. (Henrey J Kaiser Foundation) From the point of view of the channel or the directors of the show, such shows are mostly in the form of thrillers and suspense which tend to arouse a great deal of interest in the minds of the audience and are thus good for increasing the ratings. However, these shows depict a great deal of violence, which is harmful for audience of all ages to watch. Moreover, the shows may also have explicit violent content which may scar the minds of people. The shows easily portray scheming, violent physical activity, criminal activities such as theft and murder and thrive on these subjects where the criminals are normal people living ‘normal’ lives by the day and committing such activities by night. This obviously has a very negative impact on the audience. These shows that display such explicit violent content tend to get ingrained in the mind s of the viewers as they begin to use the language as used in the show, however offensive it might be and tend to act in the same manner as the actors on the show in similar situations. (Anderson, Kerby) For example, if on the show a man becomes violent and aggressive in a petty issue like parking his car or talking to the traffic police, people watching the show tend to use the same angst while dealing with a similar daily situation because they feel that using aggression will get them what they want which may be equal to what treatment the actor got on the television show. (Huesmann, L.R, and J. Podolski) Moreover, if children tend to view these television series and shows the effect is even worse on them because they are at a stage in their lives where their minds are still growing and developing and they are gullible towards all kinds of situations. Many parents and older people do not think twice before letting their children sit with them and view television serials that might not be suitable for them. Violence being shown on television thus gets imprinted on their minds and this violence tends to come out in society when they deal with similar situations. 2: Are children affected worse by violence shown on television as compared to adults? Children, more than adults, are not able

Why states act through formal International Organizations Essay

Why states act through formal International Organizations - Essay Example The paper tells that in the earlier centuries, humans spread out to new geographical territories for various purposes. These territories with the passage of time evolved into civilizations, kingdoms and eventually into states or countries. However, this ‘evolution’ part was not a smooth affair, as certain territories wanting to annex more territories and also to dominate others, indulged in wars and other aggressive actions. These aggressive actions led to major wars including two World Wars. On the positive side, from the last few centuries, especially from the second half of the 20th century, states have become more ‘civilized’ and are acting in a more controlled manner. This happened and is happening due to various factors and one of the key factors is the formation of formal International Organizations (IO) by the states themselves. States wanted to develop omnipresent overseeing organization or organizations, which can handle a state’s ‘int eraction’ with other countries in sensitive issues, pre-empt any detrimental actions carried out by one state against others, warn and act against states and their governments, when they act against their own people and also to manage social welfare issues like health, education, refugee issues, science, etc. This formation of IOs have actualized a positive environment throughout the world, with the countries acting with self-discipline, minimizing aggressive overtures, and at the same time indulging in welfare activities. However, this is not the scenario all the time, because certain countries without following the tenets of the IOs continue to act aggressively and unilaterally. Even amidst these dishonouring of the IOs, countries tend to obey and act through IOs for certain valid reasons. Historical Background The earliest precursor or the historical prototype of the present day International Organizations is the Delian League. According to Zweifel (2006, pg.31) Delian Lea gue was started around 4th century AD as an association among the Greek city-states, dominated by Athens, with the main â€Å"purpose of facilitating military cooperation against their common enemies†. Although, other regional groupings were formed by the territories to oversee and manage the relations among themselves throughout the last few centuries, nothing materialized on a large geographical scale. One of the main reasons why that did not actualize is because of the absence of sovereign states all over the world particularly in Europe. The evolution of territories and kingdoms into states or modern-day nations did not start till 17th century, with the complete evolution taking place mainly in the second half of the 20th century. According to Archer (2007, pg.4) the key turning points for the formation of IOs were the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which ended the Thirty Years War and the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Before that, the concept of European unification based on Ch ristianity dominated the political circles of various European territories. However, when that did happen, it facilitated the formation of sovereign state system in Europe, and later throughout the world. Thus evolved states also understood the need to actualize a natural law or entity that can guide and manage the relations between them, and in that direction created bilateral, trilateral and even quadrilateral agreements. However, those agreements among states and did not enlarge maximally. However in the next few centuries, nothing concrete evolved due to various historical reasons including conflicts among the various states, imperialism, etc, etc. Although, international cooperation in terms of collective action happened with the Concert of Europe (1815-1914), Geneva Convention in 1864 and even Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in 1889, it was not until after the First World War, that the work for the development of International organizations got started. Because of the unpreced ented suffering caused by the First World W

Quality Performance of Streaming Video(s) over Networks

Quality Performance of Streaming Video(s) over Networks   ABSTRACT Video-based sharing services have gained a rapid fluctuation in users over recent years with the help of the ever-growing internet availability, reaching even the most rural of areas, gaining an increasing share in the multimedia market. Online streaming videos should fulfil strict quality of service constraints. Internet streaming relies upon packet transmission; there are varying influences such as delays, packet loss, transmission errors, data loss and bandwidth restrictions that all influence the quality and playability of a video. This causes serious problems for the end user as the producers of videos rely on the end-users. Therefore, the results of this paper can help users determine whether they can view videos in a high quality whilst preserving smooth video transmission. With the use of detailed diagrams, we can see how the network reacts to buffering, low network speeds and congestion in-order to keep sending video data. Keywords: YouTube, streaming, video, video streaming, network measurement, QoS, TCP, RTSP INTRODUCTION During the last 10 years theres been a significate growth of the internet video streaming websites such as YouTube (USA), Vimeo (USA), Twitch (USA), Daily Motion (France), Vevo (USA) have grown exponentially in popularity and by viewing the growth of the internet and more and more gadgets connecting to the internet [6], they will keep growing. YouTube alone have over one billion users [4], which in return equates to billions of video requests every day. Global Consumer Internet Video for 2016 is 29,046PB (petabyte), the year 2017 is estimated at 38,297 with a steady yearly increase of 14,000PB[7]. This therefore causes a strain on the internet service providers (ISPs) to increase bandwidth in order to provide stronger/wider and faster broadband connectivity to accommodate such growth. This in comparison to File sharing such as peer-to-peer which includes the likes of BitTorrent which in 2016 was calculated at 5,938PB and has declined to 5,858PB in 2017 with a slight variance there-on -after. In North America alone, YouTube accounts of 17.9% of bandwidth whereas the likes of BitTorrent only account for 2.7% [8]. The most important part of accumulating a vast growth of users and popularity is the fact that YouTube is free, from viewing videos, upload your own videos, streaming live or following your favourite channels. It can all be done by signing up to a free account, this ensures that the website can be viewed by a wider audience rather than those of that can legally pay and older, there is a small compromise to pay in the form of adverts randomly placed in-between or at the beginning of videos. Coupled with the fact that YouTube has now offered to pay YouTubers real currency for the popularity of their own videos ensures an even higher number of users.   They have recently launched a premium service called YouTube Red, which is their premium service to those willing to pay $10 a month; the benefits include Google Play Music subscription, ad-free videos and premium content not available to free users [9]. YouTube does not have many competitors that can match its popularity but there are some in the likes of Vimeo who have over 100 million visitors per month [10] and a more artistic community where promotional and corporate videos are prohibited, they have four tiers of accounts; Free, Plus, PRO or business each varying is ways from their counterparts. However, a very important difference between the two in the way videos are played. Vimeo uses a constant rate factor (CRF) of 20 whereas YouTube incorporates variable bitrate mode, which allows for lower overall bitrates while maintaining quality. YouTube allows 60fps, 4K 3D, Vimeo does not, and this is a reason why Vimeo is not as large as YouTube. YouTube has a leading edge compared to others in the respect that where others have strictly controlled content, normally professionally produced, YouTube does not; videos can be uploaded by anyone whom has access to the internet. Interne t Connection has high unpredictability rates in the regards of latency and speed reliability, which all depends on location and ISPs with traffic times, network infrastructure and work load. Videos viewed via the internet is more problematic compared to say, television, thus, YouTube infrastructure manages playback using various methods. BODY Transmission from client to server YouTube uses Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) is an application-level protocol, which controls delivery of data with real-time properties; it enables controlled, on-demand delivery of real-time data, such as audio and video [11]. The server starts by sending small RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) packets, the data in a bitrate chosen, is sent to the client where their buffer is loaded only slightly before playback occurs. This ensures that not too much bandwidth is used in case the user decides not to continue playing the video, as users dont have a static internet connection, if the user or YouTubes servers recognise inconsistencies in the connection e.g. packet loss, an altered bitrate can be used instead e.g. the server sends the video but in a reduced encoding rate. When it comes to video playback, smooth transmission is key, without it users grow tired of continual pausing, dropped frames etc. and leave, this cannot do. Therefore, the use of TCP ensures pre-fetching and buf fering to ensure smooth playback. As bandwidth is something of an issue when loading videos constantly whilst ensuring smooth continuous playback, TCP guarantees reliable transmission for a no-loss of frames. It also has probing bandwidth and congestion control which will attempt to use all available bandwidth for fetching content as soon as possible. However as YouTube has introduced live streaming in 2015 which opts for UDP (User Datagram Protocol), an application layer protocol, UDP is used because minimum pre-fetching can be done where buffering and pausing is somewhat of a nuisance and should be reduced at all cost as everything is live. It is conjoined with RTSP, another application layer protocol which helps with video streaming. A major drawback of using UDP is that firewalls from ISP or companies are not in favour of allowing the protocol, which cause video traffic and throttling problems. However, with the advantage of lower overhead, the compensation of a few dropped pack et will suffice. In order to deliver videos the use of Content Delivery Networks (CDN), it works by using a globally distributed network of proxy servers, whose job it is to serve content to end-users (the users who are watching the videos) at high performance, where, when a user clicks on a video it is served from the nearest Data Centre from their geolocation. YouTube, before the buyout from Google used LimeLight Networks (LLNW), afterwards Google built their own CDN. Most CDN servers are configured to support web services, therefore streaming over HTTP goes hand in hand, and most firewalls are configured to allow HTTP traffic. The usage of DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming) over HTTP is common practice where the video is split into chunks of various resolutions thus, the player can easily switch into another resolution when the internet bandwidth changes which equates to smooth playback. Video Playback Quality As of January 2015, YouTube migrated to HTML5 for its default web player. YouTube first checks to see if the clients browser supports both, HTML5, H.264 codec or WebM VP8. Many browsers support an in-built flash player, which removes the need for installation of Adobe Flash Player, which has seen a decline in usage, with the amount of resources it requires and security flaws [14]. In addition, as devices such as Apple do not have support for flash there is a large market excluded. The use of HTML5s Adaptive Bitrate (ABR) is key [Figure 1]; it allows the player to switch resolutions based on users network quality. This has reduced buffering by more than 50% globally and as much as 80% on heavily congested networks [15]. YouTube switched from progressive downloads to adaptive bitrate streaming to allow for switching of quality without the need to re-buffer and start from the beginning. YouTube is constantly analysing connection speeds between the client and server, when it detects the bandwidth is deteriorating, a lower bitrate video stream is selected, in order to create a seamless playback experience for the end-user the buffer stream is loaded a few seconds ahead of your current position. From the users perspective, the key trait of a network is Quality of Service (QoS) of the content they are streaming. Whilst using HTTP, video transmission is reliable, HTTP reassures the user that there is no packet loss or video disturbance. Experiments Buffering over various internet speeds With the use of Wireshark, various experiments were done to see how packets are send from YouTube to client whilst watching a video under different network conditions and playback quality. To extract only YouTube video packet data, the filter tcp.port eq 443 was used, all graphs were set to a tick interval of 1 second with a pixel per tick of 10 and the units used in the graph are packets/Tick with a scale of 10000, all data is coming from Wi-Fi only. Buffering Time over Wi-Fi connectivity (No Throttling) using a forced 720p video Figure 2, displayed above shows a YouTube clip, which spans a total of 8:36 minutes. The graph depicts a burst of data thats sent initially on load. After the few second burst, the data rate reduces considerably. YouTube server initially sends the video as soon as possible for the initial buffering before significantly reducing the sending rate. Once the video has buffered fully, the rate of packet sending drops to near zero. Buffering Time over 3G connectivity (1.5mb/s, 750kb/s) using a forced 720p video Figure 3 depicts how a YouTube video is loaded whilst on a 3G connection; the clip used is the same as Figure 2, for comparative reasons. The burst seen in the graph spans for a greater period than on a faster connection. The video instantly plays but YouTubes server loads data for longer before finally reducing the frequency of data being sent. The player buffers for a quarter length from the current position of the playing position before finally stopping for a brief moment to allow catch-up, which can be depicted on the graph where the throttle rate drops to This is mainly due to QoE, which is based on human perception, where the user doesnt care for statistics such as packet loss etc. but rather in the quality of their video, they want to be able to view the video as soon as possible and at the best quality that is available. Buffering Time over GPRS connectivity (50kb/s, 20kb/s) and the effects of having a reduced bandwidth Figure 4 depicts the packets that are received whilst on a GPRS connection, reduction in the transmission rate in-turn has resulted in bandwidth significantly reduced, the impact almost certainly forces re-buffering to occur, which reduces the QoE for the user. This results in a longer queuing delay at network nodes and increases server-to-user delays, as the graph shows, the amount of data stored by the inbuilt players buffer is diminutive, as the initial burst did not store enough on load, the video is constantly buffering and playing leading to an endless need to re-buffer to continue. This can be seen at seconds; 120, 145 165, with seconds; 135, 150, 160 being the periods in which data is being transmitted, which consequently dont last long as periods of re-buffering flow directly afterwards. Video delivery over various video quality Figure 5 shows how a single video is re-loaded and buffered from the users current position. Each time a quality change is introduced, the video stops for a brief moment and the buffer pool is restocked with the new video quality data. The higher the quality of video, the more data is introduced initially to ensure that the video starts immediately, as the graph depicts, the lower the quality, the less of an initial burst is needed, as the size of the video is equitably reduced too, YouTube therefore can send all the data for the video quickly. As the video quality is higher, the size of the video being transmitted will also be higher. Network Speed Download Upload Regular 3G 750 kb/s 250kb/s Good 3G 1.5 Mb/s 750 Kb/s Regular 4G 4 Mb/s 3.0 Mb/s Compare this to a mobile phone when outside using data connection for example, 3G 4G connection, as there are many more collisions and obstructions whilst outside compared to a consistent Wi-Fi signal, the results are very different. With the location of the user a key aspect of reliable data transmission and how close the user is to the radio tower. Quality Duration 1080p 0 100s 720p 101s 200s 480p 210s 300s 360p 301s 400s 240p 401s 500s 144p 501s 600s By using network-measuring tools, figure 6 depicts the measurements taken for a single video to load over various qualities via regular 3G, good 3G and regular 4G connection. The results vary compared to Wi-Fi where the transmission is reliable, there are fluctuations in the transmission and the amount of data being sent, whereas Wi-Fi could send a considerable amount in the initial burst of the loading, 3G and 4G do not. Starting with regular 3g, 1080p, 720 and 480p quality videos spend a considerable amount buffering. There was not an initial burst of data that YouTubes servers transmitted, as network speeds were low, the first few seconds where spent buffering and then the video played, the video soon after paused, as buffering had to recommence to gather more data. The results show that in the initial stages of buffering with 4G connection, the amount of packets being sent are high, this is to ensure the user is able to view the video as soon as possible without interference, as the bandwidth is high, a large amount of packets can be sent, this ensures no pausing. YouTube servers application layer is not greedy where it feeds the TCP stack at a rate given by the private throttling algorithm. The TCP layer manages the buffering, when the transmission rate at TCP layer is reduced, the data that cannot be transmitted begins to be stored in the buffer, which can be seen in the 144p portion from 510 seconds onwards. However, when the buffer is occupied, the TCP layer is blocked from sending more data. This can also be shown via YouTubes stats for nerds feature [Figure 7], where when the video is done buffering to the max size of the video file, the network activity drops to a dead 0. With the more limited bandwidth of 3G connectivity, the video has to buffer for longer as with the capped transmission rate, not as much video data can be sent with more frequent throttling. Conclusion Overall, it is clear that the higher the quality, the more bandwidth is needed in-order to view the content with no interference. Limiting bandwidth had effects on the overall quality where YouTube would automatically decrease or increase the quality accordingly. Looking at the graphs produced, choosing to view content at a high quality on speeds of, for example, 3G will result in a in-viewable experience where the end-user will have to wait considerable amounts of time to even view small portions of content. The results of viewing video show that YouTubes progressive download algorithm starts by transferring an initial burst of data at the end users maximum available bandwidth and then uses a sophisticated throttling algorithm to implement a data rate that is more suited. This is key in making sure the user gets to view the video as soon as possible without tirelessly needed to pause and wait for the buffer pool to fill again. QoE is an important factor that YouTube have taken into consideration to ensure that even if the user has a limited bandwidth, by using DASH, they are always able to view the video even if it is at the lowest quality available. For smooth transmission of high quality video, bandwidth should be atleast >=3mbps. Where enjoyable watching on medium quality should start at least 1Mbps. References Yabe, M., Yokota, S. and Nakajima, T. (2006). A Quality Evaluation of High-Speed Video Streaming on Congested IP Networks. IEEEXplore, [online] p.1. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1593437/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Tech-faq.com. (2017). How Television Broadcasting Works. [online] Available at: http://www.tech-faq.com/how-television-broadcasting-works.html [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Thetoptens.com. (2017). Top 10 Best Alternatives To YouTube TheTopTens ®. [online] Available at: https://www.thetoptens.com/best-alternatives-youtube/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. MakeUseOf. (2017). 21 Amazingly Interesting YouTube Facts in 2016. [online] Available at: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/21-amazingly-interesting-youtube-facts-2016/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Youtube.com. (2017). Statistics YouTube. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/yt/press/en-GB/statistics.html [Accessed 19 Mar. 2017]. 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Available at: http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/135686-youtube-red-is-now-live-what-is-it-and-is-it-worth-paying-for [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. DaCast. (2017). Youtube Competitors: Top 5 Alternatives for Video Hosting DaCast. [online] Available at: https://www.dacast.com/blog/youtube-competitors-top-5-alternatives-video-hosting/ [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. The Internet Society (1998), (1998). Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP). [online] Network Working Group, p.1. Available at: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2326.txt [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Chotaliya, C. (2016). Which streaming protocol does Youtube use?. [online] quora. Available at: https://www.quora.com/Which-streaming-protocol-does-Youtube-use [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Support.google.com. (2017). Recommended upload encoding settings YouTube Help. [online] Available at: https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171?hl=en-GB [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Blueberry Consultants Custom Software. (2016). Why Nobody Uses Flash Anymore. [online] Available at: https://www.bbconsult.co.uk/blog/why-nobody-uses-flash-anymore [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. The Verge. (2015). YouTube drops Flash for HTML5 video as default. [online] Available at: http://www.theverge.com/2015/1/27/7926001/youtube-drops-flash-for-html5-video-default [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Figure 1 Video Used: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nq2Kum-eG8g Szigeti, T. and Hattingh, C. (2017). QoS Requirements of Video > Quality of Service Design Overview. [online] Ciscopress.com. Available at: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=357102seqNum=2 [Accessed 30 Mar. 2017].