Essay about The Central American Free Trade Agreement

The Central American Free Trade Agreement CAFTA is a proposed international free trade agreement between the United States and numerous countries within Central America. Some of the nations who could potentially participate in this treaty are Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This proposed agreement stems primarily from the fact the United States relies on Central America as a primary export market. In fact, it is believed this area of world is Americas 18th largest export target. Another contributing factor to the proposed agreement comes from what is believed to be an unfair trade policy. During the presidency of Ronald Reagan, Central American countries had many tariffs slashed under what is known as the†¦show more content†¦By having nations worldwide adopt such programs as free trade, they also are more likely to convert into a democratic government. The United States also takes the position that a free trade agreement will help introduce Central America into the modern world. Many countries south of the border still relay heavily on small farms and independent growers for much of the nations fiscal identity. The U.S. stands firm in the belief CAFTA would allow Central America to adapt to a more modernized economic system, which would in turn create growth and prosperity for the countries and their respective people. It is our government’s belief CAFTA would create stability in an otherwise up and down area of the world. Going off the belief that our economic system is a cycle highly dependent on cooperation from other nations, this means nothing but positives for all involved. It is the solid belief of the U.S. government that the key to economic growth and financial gain through world trade is open markets and transparency. According to the United States, a free trade agreement breaking down barriers and widening the trade field will allow for permanent gains and growth for all nations involved. Despite these points put forth by the U.S., there still exist a strong and valid opposition to the proposed CAFTA agreement. It is a solid belief that a free trade agreement will swallow up and destroy the back bone of most agricultural nations. This of course is theShow MoreRelatedThe U.S. Central American Free Trade Agreement Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S.-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). The U.S.-Central American Free Trade Agreement(CAFTA) is a trade agreement that is being negotiated between the United States and five Central American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The United States is committed to opening markets around the world because American farmers, workers, consumers and businesses want to sell our world class goods and services. CAFTA will simplify trade; promoteRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1711 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss four components of the North American Free Trade Agreement: Background, events, pros and cons. Upon the research, you will discover four online articles to provide more detail and examples. This research will indicate how it was developed and the reasoning on why it would benefit the nation. Also, it will provide events that occur after the agreement was signed by congress and the recession the countries experience during the early 2000s. There will be a chart locatedRead MoreFree Trade : U.s. 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In order to understand International trade, we need to first know and understand what trade is, which is the buying and selling of products between different countries. International Trade simply is globalization of the world and enables countries to obtain products and services from other countries effortlesslyRead MorePolitical Influence : Milton Friedman And The Chicago School Of Thought Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide and whether to continue those services to the public have been the focal point of fair trade economics through the perspective of Milton Friedman. Traditionally interconnected with International Policies the policies of Friedman and the Chicago school of thought have had significant NEGATIVE impacts on the quality of life and accessibility to basic services. Through the policies of ALEC (American Legislative Exchange Council countries across the world have experienced the back lash of extremeRead MoreHistory Of The North American Free Trade Agreement Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore the history of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the effects NAFTA has had on Canada, the United States of America (specifically American labor and job market) and Mexico. It will also delve into the current state of NAFTA, the advantages and disadvantages to American economy and what the future holds for this historic trade agreement. NAFTA has effected many parts of the world and not just the three countries who originally signed the agreement. It has caused several negativeRead MoreU.s. Foreign Agricultural Production1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. has always been an importer of commodities that cannot be cultivated here such as bananas, mangos, cocoa and coffee. However, the U.S. has begun to import products that Americans are used to growing themselves. According to Phillip Abbot, a professor of agricultural economics at Purdue University, â€Å"the problem is that other nations have successfully grabbed the markets U.S. farmers were counting on. Exports of the U.S. s biggest commodities such as corn, soybeans and wheat have been flatRead MoreDavid and Goliath World Trade Organization Case Study Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesDavid and Goliath World Trade Organization Case Study Assignment 4-3 Prepared for Prof. Stephen Millett MBA 711, H4FF Fall 2010 Prepared by Gary Cooper December 2, 2010 David and Goliath World Trade Organization Case Study Jay Cohen and two friends established an online gaming site on the islands of Antigua and Barbuda; they named the organization World Sports Exchange (WSE). Mr. Cohen was prosecuted by the U.S. government; his conviction resulted in a battle between the U.S. and

The Conceptual Framework of the Health Promotion Model

Conceptual frame work The theoretical frame work for the present study was developed from the Health Promotion Model. The health promotion model was proposed by Nola J Pender – PhD, RN, FAAN – a well known former professor of nursing at the University of Michigan (1982, revised in 1996). This model was designed as a complementary counterpart to the models of health protection. The model defines health as a positive dynamic state of health and not merely the absence of disease. Health promotion is directed towards increasing a client’s level of well being. The model described the various multi-dimensional nature of person as they are consistently interacting within their environment to pursue optimal levels of health.29 Nola J Pender defined her concepts into two broad classification, health promotion and health protection. Health promotion is the behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and to actualize potentiality of human health. It is an approach to wellness of health. Nola J Pender described health protection or illness prevention as behavior motivated desire to actively avoid illness, to detect it at an early stage and to maintain functioning within the constraints of illness.30 The models identifies that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that can bring about subsequent actions. The set of variables for behavioral specific knowledge and effect have important motivational significance. These variables can be modified throughShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Model Of Nursing1353 Words   |  6 Pages Health Promotion Model Amy D. Kramer Point Loma Nazarene University â€Æ' Introduction Nursing theory is important to the profession of nursing as it provides guidance to practice and helps to broaden nursing knowledge. Although nursing theory can be traced back to Florence Nightingale’s pioneer work during and after the Crimean War, it was not until the twentieth century that theory development in the nursing profession became a major part of discussion and implementation (AlligoodRead MorePender s Health Promotion Model1128 Words   |  5 PagesPender’s Health Promotion Model Theoretical Framework Analysis Alison Kascher Simmons College â€Æ' Health promotion is defined as the process of empowering individuals to make healthy lifestyle choices and motivating them to become better self-managers (Ricketts, 2014). Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) focuses on increasing a person’s level of well-being and identifies the multifaceted nature of individuals as they interact with their environment to pursue health (Health Promotion Model, 2013)Read MoreConceptual Framework For Addressing Functional Decline1531 Words   |  7 PagesConceptual framework for addressing functional decline in elderly Health is probably the most significant aspect of human life as it allows individuals to properly experience the nature of one’s existence and surroundings. World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of physical and psychosocial wellness and not simply the absence of diseases or illnesses (Callahan, 1973). On a personal level, health can be defined as an ability to carry out day-to-day activities without loss of independenceRead MoreBSHE 500 Take Home Exam 1 Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesecological framework was presented in class as providing many possible avenues for research and program implementation.   Using the required readings and lectures, write about the pros and cons of a social ecological framework for understanding health behaviors and designing health promotion programs. Your analysis should lead to a conclusion about the framework. The social ecological framework comprises of person-focused and environment-focused interventions designed to promote health. The socialRead MoreOrganization For Economic Co Operation And Development1026 Words   |  5 PagesExhibit 5.1 in the text demonstrates per capita health expenditures of selected Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in 2007 (Feldstein, 2011). The original data source is shown in Appendix A. The updated data source for comparison of selected countries, as reflected in the Exhibit 5.1 of the text, is shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1. Updated Data Source for OECD Selected Countries Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2014Read MoreCommunity Conceptual Model1282 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Conceptual Model Community Conceptual Model Conceptual models are effective guides and tools used for nursing practice. They merge concepts and ideas providing a framework for how to think or demonstrate the elaborate connections between concepts, structures, or a system. They categorize existing interrelationships amid concepts into ways that can effectively direct actions and interventions. The objective of this paper is to define and examine the social ecology model and itsRead MoreThe Grand Nursing Theory Chosen By The Future Apn Is Roy s Model Of Adaptation943 Words   |  4 PagesThe grand nursing theory chosen by the future APN is Roy’s Model of Adaptation. In 1970, Sister Callista Roy identified the need for conceptual frameworks to be developed in order to have a foundation from which to build nursing knowledge. She developed the Model of Adaptation based on her theory that all patients must adapt to his/her given situations; we as nurses must guide and encourage positive adaptation for our patients (Roy, 1970). Roy’s grand theory addressed all four of Fawcett’s conceptsRead MoreEvaluation Of Evidence And Literature1508 Words   |  7 PagesReview of Evidence and Literature The initial database searched was the Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature or CINAHL with full text. To ensure data received remained relevant and in compliance with the most recent guidelines the search was limited to information released within the last 5 years. The search was advance further by limiting the results to full text, peer reviewed, and only information pertaining to a population restriction of those ages 45-64 or middle aged. KeyRead MoreCore Concept Across Nursing Theories Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesclients’ health status that is crucial for effective decision making and implementation. Notably, these theories are based on certain concepts that are essential for guiding nursing practice. While nursing theorists have developed different theories and models, these theories or models are based on some common core concepts. Core Concept in Two Contemporary Nursing Theories The understanding of nursing theories first requires the definition of a conceptual model, concept, and conceptual frameworksRead MoreNola Pender s Health Promotion Model888 Words   |  4 PagesNola Pender’s health promotion model is an organizing structure that establishes how nurses and patients can work together to aid individuals in achieving optimal health outcomes through health promotion engagement. The model of health promotion is multifaceted in the nature that it is applicable across the lifespan in various settings and situations and has also been revised to mirror more effective outcomes of patient well-being. The model’s development was based primarily on Pender’s life experiences

The Perception of Beauty Free Essays

The Perception of Beauty Today the world we live in is very reliant on the media. The media contributes to us updates on our economy, news on events, the weather, and other important information. The media also dispenses influential images and messages. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perception of Beauty or any similar topic only for you Order Now The media is so intertwined in our lives that we do no truly comprehend how much influence it really has on us. Some of the messages and images we receive from the media can be positive as well as negative. Most often than not, we are exposed to images that are so unrealistic and unattainable by the average person that we become discontent with our lives and with ourselves. This is when the media starts to distort our thoughts on the normal way of life and what true beauty is. The mainstream media’s perception of beauty is thin and glamorous. Most of the people displayed in the media have unrealistic body types. With the constant exhibit of these airbrushed to perfection bodies the audience becomes desensitized, especially the youth, making people believe that it’s normal. This constant reminder can cause great guilt, making one think they are unattractive and below average. The negative body image being portrayed in the media is on display for everyone and it’s continuously being supported by the rest of the population. With this distorted perception of beauty many people have become unsatisfied with themselves. This persistent image of what you should look like can lead to poor physical and mental health. With people becoming insecure with their body image things like low self-esteem, depression, eating disorders, and even suicide can occur. In source 1 (Effects of the Media on Body Image), it states that the National Eating Disorder Association (2006) reports, â€Å"In the past 70 years national rates of all eating disorders have dramatically increased. † To some, being thin becomes everything. Deception of reality invades people’s lives and with media being just a turn or a click away, the influence of the media starts at an early age. According to The Journal of Adolescent Health, â€Å"Teenagers that are overweight, or believe that they are overweight, appear to have a higher risk of suicide† (This information is stated in source 3: Teen Suicide Attempts Linked to Body weight and Body Image). Each year the models in the media are growing thinner and the advertisement of dieting and exercising is increasing. Beauty is being manipulated again and again. People’s physical and mental health is at serious risk and it’s time for a change. Perfection does not exist and for someone to try to attain such a thing is not healthy. The images in the media have profound effects on our lives and with that in mind, the media should rethink their perception of beauty. Just because someone is not stick thin doesn’t mean they’re not beautiful. Just because someone doesn’t look like the model on the cover of a magazine doesn’t mean they’re not beautiful, and just because someone doesn’t acquire the characteristic of what the media insights as beautiful, doesn’t mean they’re not beautiful; it just means they are realistic. We continue to take a walk down a dangerous path in our culture. Not enough is being done to deter the false images that are being portrayed. The media’s perception of beauty is both unrealistic and harmful to one’s self. As a collective society, we need to accept our flaws. We need to accept people for how they look, stop trying to live up to an unrealistic image in the media, and just be ourselves. Why do we give the media the right to say what’s beautiful? Their exhibit of beauty is not real. It’s time for a change in media for the sake of society’s health. How to cite The Perception of Beauty, Papers

Chinas Economic Growth Due to Recent Foreign Poli Essay Example For Students

Chinas Economic Growth Due to Recent Foreign Poli Essay ciesRecent Chinese economic policies have shot the country into the worldeconomy at full speed. As testimony of this, Chinas gross domestic product hasrisen to seventh in the world, and its economy is growing at over nine percentper year (econ-gen 1). Starting in 1979, the Chinese have implemented numerouseconomic and political tactics to open the Chinese marketplace to the rest ofthe world. Just a few areas Chinas government is addressing are agriculturaltechnology, the medical market, and infrastructures, like telecommunications,transportation and the construction industry. Chinese reform measures evenanticipated the rush of foreign investment by opening newly expanded industriesto out-of-country investors. Effects of this sudden change in economic strategyby a world power can be felt by practically every nation of the globe involvedin international trade. The change in the amount of imports and exports to andfrom China will increase the demand on countless markets, from automobile , topetrochemical, to pharmaceuticals, and optical fiber. Also, with all theforeign investment China is receiving, the socialistic republic will only growmore and more interdependent upon the world economy. However, the impressivegrowth rate of Chinas economy is not without its shortcomings. Problems suchas inflation and inefficient state-owned enterprises plague the rise of theChinese economy. The main goal for Chinas modern foreign policies is the development ofthe Chinese infrastructure. The significance of improved communication andtransportation cannot be over-stressed. Economically, enhanced means ofcommunication and transportation allows more expedient supply and demandscheduling. Two of the latest Chinese reform measures to aid in the developmentof the country are the Provisional Regulations on Direction Guide to ForeignInvestment and the Catalogue Guiding Foreign investment in China. Both thesepolicies place specific industries including telecommunications, machinery, andelectronics on top priority. Funding for these projects come from foreigninvestments and appropriations from the Chinese government in the form of grantfinancing, and legislative or administrative support. Yet another example of the Chinese emphasis on industrial based growthis the far-reaching goal of having just under 100 million telecommunicationlines by the year 2000. Chinas Central Ministry of Posts and Communication saidthat in order to complete this major task China will enlist the aid of majoroverseas suppliers and create manufacturing plants within the nation. AT;T,Motorola, Northern Telecom, Alcatel, Erricsson, NEC, and Siemens are just ahandful of the multinational companies which hold a considerable share of theChinese telecom market, once again proving that China is becoming a party toglobal interdependence. The Chinese pharmaceutical market, much like Chinese industrial markets,is experiencing rapid growth due to reforms in Chinas economic strategy. Thenations government has decided to lower import tariffs and remove the necessityof an import license to bring pharmaceuticals into the country. Also, patentedforeign drugs, such as Tylenol, are now being protected from counterfeiting byadministrative action. The result of these provisions are overseas contractualinvestments totaling $1.5 billion in the past five years, and income from themedical industrys exports reaching 2.6 times the amount five years ago,according to Zheng Xiaoyu, director of the State Pharmaceutical Administration(scitech/med 1). The pharmaceutical markets growth is another example of theeconomic progress China has made. Even after accounting for all the economic benefits recognized by theworld, the Chinese still come out as the country with the most gains. However,there are more motives behind Chinas market reforms than just purely economic. On the political front, China is fast becoming an integral part of internationalorganizations. The Chinese government is making a conscious effort to reenterGATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), realizing the importance ofcreating a favorable trading status among foreign nations. Slowing thisprogress, the 124 nation strong trade bloc has requested that numerousconditions must be met by China before the nation can become a member of GATTonce again. Several of these provisions are the elimination of importprohibitions, restrictive licensing requirements and other controls orrestrictions; lifting of all restrictions on access to foreign exchange and fullconvertibility of the Chinese currency (china-tr. 2). Other important keythemes behind Chinas Open-Door policies are economic and technologicalcooperation with the West (china-tr 1) and that Chinas government no longersupports Third World revolution. Instead, China realizes that cooperation withdeveloping countries would be far more practical. .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .postImageUrl , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:hover , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:visited , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:active { border:0!important; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:active , .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4 .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b1b85549609c817a5343ca3d1c5e1a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: â€Å"October Sky† by Joe Johnston and â€Å"Every Day Use† by Alice Walker’s EssayAlthough Chinese foreign policy is aimed at opening the nations entireeconomy to the world, it neglects the agricultural market almost entirely, withthe exception of technical contracts. These contracts are designed to improvethe transfer

Jihad And Jiala Essays - Jihad, Islam, , Term Papers

Jihad And Ji'ala Jihad and Ji'ala Recently Jihad has made national headlines. Most people don't know what that word means and what are the rules for declaring Jihad. Well, Jihad means holy war, which applies to Muslims. The idea of Jihad came about when Prophet Muhammad wanted to spread Islam. Jihad was first declared against the people of Mecca, who chased out the prophet and his followers and they had to escape to Medina. The take on Jihad was also used to expand the Muslim empire. Jihad can only be declared by an Imam (the leader of Islam) under certain conditions. Michael Bonner wrote a book titled Studies in the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier. He talked about how Jihad had certain practice that was used in pre-Islamic Arabia, which was used in battles between the Arabs (Muslims) and the Byzantines. This paper is going to concentrate about Jihad and try to oppose his beliefs about how Jihad has pre-Islamic practices. The first thing that Michael Bonner talks about is Ja'l which means:wage or pay which one gives to a man that he may aid himself thereby to serve in the war (p.12) He also mentioned Ji'ala which also mean when a man is obligated to go to war and has another man take his place in exchange for a wage stipulated in advance. (p.12) Also known as a bribe. He applied those two activities to Islam, and how they were used in the basis of Jihad. To start out with, Jihad is for a free adult Muslim male, in a health shape and he must bring his own provisions, weapons, equipment and mount all out of his own wealth. Islam opposes having Muslim pay other Muslims to fulfill their obligation to go to war and get rewarded the same as for the person who actually went and fulfilled his religious obligation. Michael Bonner said in his book that Ji'ala was used before Islam, a time called Jahiliyya. He also mentioned that Islam opposed it by mentioning Abdallah bi Umar, who was the son of the caliph Umar I, in how when he was asked about Ji'ala he replied 'I don't accept bribes, except for the bribe which God offers me' (p.31), also another proof of opposition by the same person 'The man who stayed [at home] used to give a donation to the warrior. But for a man selling his won capacity for warfare, I don't know what that is' (p.30) From those two quotes on could surely see no relation between Jihad and Ji'ala since Ibn Umar was raised by an influential Muslim leader (caliph). Also the Qur'an (holy book in Islam) doesn't mention this kind of activity. The Qur'an mentions that a person could donate money or gifts to the men leaving for Jihad, but that person will not receive any service in return for what he donated. Ibn Umar used to do this. Also Michael Bonner tried to prove his point by talking about how several Hadiths, which means formally recorded saying of the prophet Muhammad and of those around him, passed down through a process of oral transmission, supplemented at some point by writing. (p.xii), by using quranic verses, and by also translating poems after the spread of Islam. First of all Hadiths can be interpreted differently by Muslim lawyers, for example Iraq and Medina had different interpretation about the Hadith of Companions. In addition, the Qur'an is the language of God, and some parts in the Qur'an, it's true meaning is still unclear, and different people have different interpretation. He used a quranic verse as a strong point to back up his point, but as mentioned above there are different interpretations. The prophet set certain conditions for jihad and it didn't mention Ji'ala at all. Finally, he mentions a poem written by a Muslim poet. Poems are completely irrelevant to prove a sensitive point, t hey are not mean to be used to prove a religious point, it's a form of art, and the Arabs back then were known for writing beautiful poems for the purpose of competing with other poets. So, these poems shouldn't be used to back up historical activities. In conclusion, for Michael Bonner to try to prove

Buddhist funerals Essay Example

Buddhist funerals Essay Example Buddhist funerals Paper Buddhist funerals Paper Funerals vary from culture to culture; some are simple and quite, whilst others are loud including partys, celebrating life and death. However for Buddhist a funeral is usually a simple and private affair. There are many different types of Buddhist communities, and each one holds a different type of funeral, from a cremation, to a sky burial. Some of the main Buddhist communities are the Theravada Buddhists, the Tibetan Buddhists and the Mahayana Buddhists, each of them holding a different style of ceremony. The Theravada Buddhists who mainly live in Thailand, encourage a dying person to read or chant passages from the Suttas, they do this to try and improve their Karma as they are very close to the time of their re-birth. After the death, the relatives, pour water over a hand of their dead family member, the body is then placed in a coffin. However he or she is not then just shut away in the dark, the body is surrounded by lights and incense, and sometimes passages from the Abhidhamma will be read over the body, by Bhikkuss. Traditionally the bodies are cremated, as was the Buddha. In Theravada Buddhist communities the cremation usually takes place about three days after the death, until his point the body lays in the home, visited by friends and family, and then at night some one would watch over the body. On the day of the funeral, the body is carried by the community elders, and Bhikkus, at the place of cremation the Bhikkus chant passages from the Suttas as the coffin is being placed upon a pyre, the mourners then light a fire under it, they usually then throw incense into the flame. The Tibetan Buddhists traditionally read the Bardo Thodol to the dying to prepare them for the passage into their next life. Monks carry on saying the Bardo Thodol for 49 days after the death to help the Anatta on its way. In the Tibetan Buddhists views they traditionally cremate the body of the dead like the Theravada Buddhists, however as the Tibetan Buddhists are based in countries with usually scarce amounts of fuel, and wood so the body is given a Sky Burial. Three days after the death, the body is washed and put into the foetal position so that it leaves the world as it arrived; it is then wrapped in a white cloth, the white representing purity. It is the taken to a top of a hill, an area walled off which is usually near a monastery. As the body is taken the monks would chant, and the body would be disposed off at dawn. For a sky burial the body is then unwrapped and a body-breaker craves the body into pieces, then it is mixed with flour, this will act as food for the Vultures. Tibetan Buddhists believe that the body is then taken to Bardo. Bardo is believed to be A human soul between the stages of after-death and rebirth. (1) The Mahayana Buddhists are mainly based in China, the day of the death is very important to them, they believe that as soon as the body is taken the personality goes into a trance for four days in the trance the person does not know if he or she is alive or dead, the Mahayana Buddhists call this period the Bardo, and though out this period monks say special verses. Some of the most important readings that are recited are the Amitabha Sutra and the name of Amitabha. The Mahayana Buddhists also believe that during this period the dead person will see a brilliant light, if it does not scare them, and they can welcome it then they no longer need to be re-born, however most people run away from the light which then fades. The person then relieves that that they have died, and enter the second Bardo, they see everything that they have ever done, or thought. They also think that they have a body, they later relies that they do not, and enter the third Bardo, which is a state in which they search for a another body. * ways morning periods observed * prayers * offerings Buddhist believe in Karma; Karma is everything that you have ever done I your whole life, added up when you die and then weighed. If you have more good Karma then bad Buddhists believe that in your next life you will have a better life then the one that you just lived, how ever if you have more bad Karma then good karma you will be re-born in to a worse life. How great you life can be judged on many points, your family, friends, how wealthy you are, any disabilities, your home, some Buddhists even say that it can determine how pretty you are when you are re-born. This is all decided when you die and enter the second stage of Bardo; Bardo is a place between death and being re-born. Most Buddhist are believed to just be re-born, however there are Buddhists that have reached the end of being re-born, and karma, they enter Nirvana, enlightenment, which is the ultimate aim for all Buddhists. This teaches Buddhists that their lives are in their hands, they can improve it or not. So, Buddhists try to make as much good karma as they can, to reach enlightenment. They do this by following the 10 precepts, which consist of, not killing or harming any living thing, not stealing, not to misuse sex, not to lie and not to cloud the mind with alcohol or drugs, a Buddhists mind should at all times be clear so they can concentrate on reaching enlightenment. The other 5 precepts are not quite as widely practiced, it is usually monks that practice these continually, but are still very important. They are to refrain from eating after midday, to refrain from dancing, singing, or watching unsuitable entertainment. They should also try not to use scents or garlands, they should not sleep on a high or luxurious bed, and they should not touch gold, silver or handle money. Another way Buddhists can reach enlightenment is by following the 8 fold path, the 8fold path has three sections, the way of wisdom, the way of morality and the way of mental training. The way of wisdom teaches Buddhists a true insight and deep understanding of lie. (3) The way of morality teaches them how to behave towards other people and the environment. (3) Whist the way of mental training teaches them the spiritual practices that the Buddha can perform in order to reach Nibbana. (3) Under these headings they have the 8 points of the 8 fold path that they must follow, they are having the right view, the right intentions, the right speech, the right action, the right livelihood, the right effort, the right meditation and the right mindfulness. If a Buddhist follows the rules of the 8 Fold Path, then he is on his way to making himself a better Buddhist, not only this, but the more he or she practices the 8 Fold Path the closer they get to reaching enlightenment which is their ultimate aim. By following these rules, they allow them selves to enter a state of mind, which Makes the mind still and steady opens vast vistas of bliss, serenity and power, and helps them to generate the insights unveiling the ultimate truth of things. (2). Red: Wisdom Training. Right View, understanding the 4 Noble Truths, and understanding Karma. Right Intentions, having Good Will (Metta) and Harmlessness. Blue: Ethics Training. Right Speech, not harsh, rude, false, slander, or idle chit-chatter. Right Action, not killing anything alive, stealing, or sexual misconduct. Right Livelihood earning your living legally, honestly, peacefully, and without harm. Purple: Meditation Training. Right Effort in path of enlightenment, and the undertaking of the great endeavors. Right Concentration/ Meditation, opening your mind, being calm and in control. Right Mindfulness, not being lazy, mindful contemplation of the body, feelings, states of mind, and phenomena.

A History of Synthetic Grass

A History of Synthetic Grass AstroTurf is a brand of artificial turf or synthetic grass. James Faria and Robert Wright of Monsanto Industries co-invented Astroturf. A patent for astroturf was filed for on December 25, 1965, and issued by the USPTO on July 25, 1967. The Evolution of Astroturf During the 50s and 60s, the Ford Foundation was studying ways to improve the physical fitness of young people. At the same time, the Chemstrand Company, a subsidiary of Monsanto Industries, were developing new synthetic fibers for use as tough carpeting. Chemstrand was encouraged to try to make the perfect urban sports surface for schools by the Ford Foundation. From 1962 to 1966, Chemstrand worked on creating new sports surfaces. The surfaces were tested for foot traction and cushioning, weather drainage, flammability and wear resistance. Chemgrass In 1964, the Creative Products Group installed a synthetic turf called Chemgrass at the Moses Brown School in Providence Rhode Island. This was the first large-scale installation of synthetic turf. In 1965, Judge Roy Hofheinz built the AstroDome in Houston, Texas. Hofheinz consulted with Monsanto about replacing the natural grass with a new synthetic playing surface. The First Astroturf In 1966, the Houston Astros baseball season begins on a Chemgrass surface now renamed Astroturf at the AstroDome. Supposedly it was renamed AstroTurf by one John A. Wortmann. The same year, the Houston Oilers AFL football season began on more than 125,000 square feet of removable Astroturf at the AstroDome. The next year, Indiana State University Stadium, in Terre Haute, Indiana became the first outdoor stadium installed with Astroturf. Astroturf Patented In 1967, Astroturf was patented (U.S. patent #3332828 see photos right). The patent for a monofilament ribbon file product was issued to inventors Wright and Faria, of Monsanto Industries. In 1986, Astroturf Industries, Inc. was formed and sold in 1994 to Southwest Recreational Industries. Former Astroturf Competitors All are no longer available. The name astroturf is a registered trademark, however, it is sometimes used incorrectly as a generic description for all artificial turf. Below are the names of a few astroturf competitors, all are no longer in business. Tartan Turf, PolyTurf, SuperTurf, WycoTurf, DurraTurf, Gras, Lectron, PoliGras, All-Pro, Cam Turf, Instant Turf, Stadia Tur, Omniturf, Toray, Unitika, Kureha, KonyGreen, Grass Sport, ClubTurf, Desso, MasterTurf, DLW